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Shakespeare's Time & Gardens

Our audience was of all degrees, from nobles and tradespeople in tiered seating to groundlings paying a penny to stand. Everyone knew plants and their properties. Inhabitants of city, town, and village alike grew plants and gathered herbs from woods and meadows, and understood their uses. Moreover, Queen Elizabeth, like King James after her, encouraged her subjects to plant large gardens, and took interest in the curious, unlikely plants coming to our shores as English ships returned from the Indies, the Americas, and other strange and distant lands. Wealthy nobles duly devised great and intricate gardens and planted them lavishly, hoping to win a royal visitation.

Shakespeare’s Time & Gardens

 

Shakespeare mentions about 180 different plants across his 37 plays. That's not decoration—that's a working vocabulary. In his time, everyone knew plants. City dwellers and country folk alike grew herbs, gathered them from woods and meadows, used them for medicine, cooking, dyeing fabric, making perfume. When Shakespeare said "rue" or "rosemary" or "burdock," his audience immediately understood what he meant—not just the plant, but what it symbolized, how it grew, what it was used for.

He uses that knowledge everywhere. When Juliet says

that which we call a rose
By any other name would smell as sweet

the audience knows roses—the scent, the thorns, the fact that they bloom once and fade fast. When Lady Macbeth tells her husband to

Look like th' innocent flower,
but be the serpent under't,

they know what hides under flowers: snakes, yes, but also rot, insects, poison. When Lysander in Midsummer Night's Dream yells

Hang off, you cat, you burr! Vile
thing, let loose!

everyone's had burdock seedheads stuck to their clothes. They know exactly how annoying and persistent burrs are.

Shakespeare was born around 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon—country boy, farmer's son, knew forests and fields. He worked in London from the late 1580s until 1611, writing for the Lord Chamberlain's Men (later the King's Men after James I took the throne). London was small then—about 200,000 people on 1,200 acres, roughly double the size of CU Boulder's campus. An hour's walk got you out into countryside.

This was the Renaissance: eager travel to unknown lands, new plants arriving on ships from the Indies and Americas, wealthy nobles competing to build elaborate gardens hoping Queen Elizabeth might visit. The "Tudor Garden" style mirrored Tudor buildings—raised beds made of the same materials as the architecture around them. That's what you see here: stone beds echoing the stone buildings, plants that grew in Shakespeare's England now growing in Boulder's very different climate and light.

The plants aren't museum pieces. They're a language Shakespeare and his audience both spoke fluently. When you know the plants, you hear the plays differently. A rose isn't just pretty—it's fragile, thorny, brief. Rue isn't just an herb—it's regret, bitterness, grace. The garden gives you the vocabulary. The plays give you the poetry.

 

Special thanks to longtime CSF supporter, gardener, and thespian Chuck Wilcox for voicing the part of The Bard in our video series. For more information on Creative Commons (CC) artwork in this video, click here.